The dentist begins by examining the tooth and may take X-rays to assess the extent of the infection or damage. Common reasons for needing a root canal include severe tooth decay, a deep cavity, a cracked or fractured tooth, or a tooth with an abscess (a pocket of pus).

Before starting the procedure, the dentist administers a local anaesthetic to numb the affected tooth and the surrounding area. This ensures that the patient remains comfortable and pain-free during the treatment.

The dentist creates a small access opening in the crown (top) of the tooth. This allows them to reach the pulp chamber and root canals.

The infected or damaged pulp tissue is carefully removed using specialised instruments. The dentist also cleans and disinfects the tooth's interior to remove any remaining bacteria.

After cleaning, the dentist shapes the root canals to prepare them for filling. The canals are typically filled with a biocompatible material called gutta-percha, which seals off the space and prevents recontamination.

The access opening in the tooth is filled with a temporary or permanent filling material to prevent further infection.

In many cases, a tooth that has undergone a root canal will require further restoration to ensure its strength and function. This may involve placing a crown or other dental restoration on the tooth. The restoration helps protect the tooth and restore its appearance and function.